Between 2700 BC. A.D. and 1500 B.C. Little history is available as Egypt (and even Babylon) entered a long period of violent war and destruction. During this period, the Kassites destroyed the Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia and the Hyksos destroyed the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. When the Egyptian pharaohs conquered Southwest Asia around 1500 BC. Cultural ties with Mesopotamia were renewed and Egyptian musical instruments also reflected strong influences from Asian cultures. Under their new cultural influences, the peoples of the New Kingdom began to use oboes, trumpets, lyres, lutes, castanets and cymbals.[36] [38] Musical instrument means any device used to produce musical sound. The main types of these instruments, classified according to the method of sound production, are drums, stringed instruments, keyboards, winds and electronics. Musical instruments are almost universal components of human culture: archaeology has discovered pipes and whistles in Paleolithic times and clay drums and shell trumpets in Neolithic times.
It is firmly established that the ancient urban cultures of Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean, India, East Asia and the Americas all possessed diverse and well-developed assortments of musical instruments, suggesting that a long earlier development must have existed. As for the origin . (100 words out of 4818) Musical instruments such as zither appeared in Chinese writings around the 12th century BC and earlier. [52] Early Chinese philosophers such as Confucius (551-479 BC), Mencius (372-289 BC). A.D.) and Laozi shaped the development of musical instruments in China and adopted a similar attitude towards music to the Greeks. Convinced that music was an integral part of character and community, the Chinese developed a unique system for classifying their musical instruments according to their material composition. [53] The territories of Mesopotamia and the Arabian Peninsula experienced rapid growth and sharing of musical instruments after being united by Islamic culture in the seventh century. [72] Frame drums and cylindrical drums of varying depths were extremely important in all musical genres. [73] Conical oboes were involved in the music that accompanied marriage and circumcision ceremonies. Persian miniatures highlight the development of timpani in Mesopotamia, which spread as far as Java. [74] Various lutes, zithers, dulcimers and harps spread to Madagascar in the south and in present-day Sulawesi in the east. [75] Musical instruments are also often classified according to their musical range in relation to other instruments in the same family.
This exercise is useful for placing instruments in the context of an orchestra or other ensemble. Western instruments are presented in chapters organized by instrument type with brief descriptive, contextual and historical information and more than 200 illustrations. The last chapter deals with the development of instrumentation. The volume is a revised edition of the 1978 publication Musical Instruments of the West (New York: St. Martin`s). Changes in timbre and volume were accompanied by a change in the typical pitch used to tune the instruments. Instruments that have to play together as in an orchestra must be tuned to the same standard so that they do not produce different sounds while playing the same notes. From 1762, the average pitch of concerts began to rise from a minimum of 377 oscillations to a maximum of 457 in Vienna in 1880. [108] Different regions, countries and even different instrument manufacturers preferred different standards, which made it difficult to work with orchestras. Despite the efforts of two international summits organized in which well-known composers such as Hector Berlioz participated, no standard could be agreed.
[109] The musical instrument symbol — In this Symbols.com article, you will learn more about the meaning of the musical instrument symbol and its properties. The classification of musical instruments is a discipline in its own right, and many classification systems have been used over the years. Instruments can be classified according to their actual scope, material composition, size, role, etc. However, the most common academic method, Hornbostel-Sachs, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of musical instruments is called organology. In the mid-seventeenth century, the so-called hunter`s horn was transformed into an “artificial instrument” consisting of an elongated tube, a narrower bore, a wider bell and a much wider span. The details of this transformation are unclear, but the modern horn or, more colloquially, French horn was created in 1725. [103] The slide trumpet appeared, a variation containing a long-throated mouthpiece that slid in and out, allowing the player infinite height adjustments. This variant of the trumpet was unpopular because of the difficulty of playing it. [104] Organs underwent tonal changes in the Baroque period, when manufacturers such as Abraham Jordan of London made the stops more expressive and added devices such as expressive pedals. Sachs saw in this trend a “degeneration” of the general sound of the organ.
[105] In Greece, Rome, and Etruria, the use and development of musical instruments contrasted sharply with the achievements of these cultures in architecture and sculpture. The instruments of the time were simple and practically all were imported from other cultures. [45] Lyres were the main instrument, as musicians used them to honor the gods. [46] The Greeks played a variety of wind instruments, which they classified as aulos (reeds) or syrinx (flutes); The Greek writing of this period reflects a serious study of reed production and playing technique. [8] The Romans played reed instruments called tibia, with side holes that could be opened or closed, allowing for greater flexibility in playing modes. [47] Other instruments used in the area were vertical harps derived from those of the East, lutes of Egyptian design, various pipes and organs, and coils played mainly by women. [48] Musical instrument making is a skilled trade that requires years of training, practice and sometimes learning. Most musical instrument manufacturers specialize in one kind of instrument; For example, a luthier only makes stringed instruments. Some make only one type of instrument such as a piano. Regardless of the constructs of the instrument, the instrument manufacturer must consider materials, construction technique, and decoration to create a balanced instrument that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing. [132] Some builders focus on a more artistic approach, developing experimental musical instruments, often intended for individual playing styles developed by the builder itself.
The spread of electricity in the 20th century led to a new category of musical instruments: electronic instruments or electrophones. [113] The vast majority produced in the first half of the 20th century were what Sachs called “electromechanical instruments”; They have mechanical parts that generate sound vibrations that are picked up and amplified by electrical components. Hammond organs and electric guitars are examples. [113] Sachs also defined a subcategory of “radio instruments” such as the theremin, which creates music by the movements of the player`s hand around two antennas. [114] A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to produce musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument – by purpose, the object becomes a musical instrument. A person who plays a musical instrument is called an instrumentalist. The history of musical instruments goes back to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have been used for rituals, such as a horn to signal the success of the hunt, or a drum in a religious ceremony.
Cultures eventually developed the composition and performance of melodies for entertainment. Musical instruments have evolved with evolving applications and technologies. Man eventually developed the concept of using musical instruments to create melodies that were previously only common in singing. Similar to the process of reduplication in language, instrumentalists first developed repetition and then arrangement. A first form of melody was created by striking two tubes of timbres of slightly different sizes – one tube produced a “clear” sound and the other responded with a “darker” sound. These pairs of instruments also included bull roars, split drums, shell trumpets and skin drums. Cultures that used these pairs of instruments associated them with gender; The “father” was the largest or most energetic instrument, while the “mother” was the smaller or duller instrument.
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